THE IMPORTANCE OF TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR ALPHA IN THE PROGNOSIS OF BREAST CANSER

Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) is a multifunctional cytokine with a dual role in cancer biology, exhibiting both tumor-promoting and tumor-suppressive effects. This study provides a comprehensive analysis of TNF-α in breast cancer prognosis, integrating molecular, clinical, and translational perspectives. Elevated TNF-α levels are strongly associated with tumor progression, metastasis, and reduced survival rates. Mechanistically, TNF-α activates key oncogenic pathways, including NF-κB, MAPK, and PI3K/Akt. However, under controlled conditions, TNF-α may induce apoptosis in tumor cells. The findings highlight TNF-α as a promising prognostic biomarker and a potential therapeutic target in precision oncology