Genetic Characteristics and Molecular Diagnosis of Hymenolepiasis in Children Under 14 Years of Age

Hymenolepiasis, caused primarily by Hymenolepis nana (the dwarf tapeworm), remains a significant public health concern in children under 14 years of age, particularly in developing regions with limited sanitation infrastructure. While the clinical manifestations and immunological aspects of this infection have been extensively studied, the genetic characteristics of H. nana and the application of molecular diagnostic tools in pediatric populations represent an evolving field of research. This thesis examines the genetic diversity of H. nana isolates from children using mitochondrial and ribosomal genetic markers, evaluates the utility of molecular diagnostic techniques compared to conventional microscopy, and explores the implications of genetic variation for epidemiological surveillance and clinical management. Recent studies have identified intraspecific genetic differences within H. nana isolates ranging from 0 to 5% based on mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (CO1) gene sequencing, suggesting the existence of a species complex or 'cryptic' species . Molecular methods, including polymerase chain reaction (PCR) targeting the ITS-1 region, 18S rDNA, and 28S rDNA, demonstrate superior sensitivity and specificity compared to traditional stool microscopy, with PCR–RFLP showing 100% sensitivity in confirming Hymenolepis spp. infections . The genetic variation observed in H. nana isolates from different geographical regions highlights the importance of molecular characterization for understanding transmission dynamics and developing effective control strategies. This thesis contributes to the growing body of knowledge on the molecular epidemiology of hymenolepiasis and advocates for the integration of molecular diagnostic tools into routine pediatric parasitological practice.