MULTIMODAL INSTRUMENTAL PHENOTYPING FOR INDIVIDUAL CARDIOVASCULAR RISK PREDICTION IN METABOLIC SYNDROME AND ATHEROSCLEROSIS

The coexistence of metabolic syndrome and atherosclerosis promotes parallel  remodeling of the myocardium and arterial tree through insulin resistance, low-grade inflammation,  endothelial dysfunction, increased arterial load, and neurohormonal activation. Conventional scores  are essential for prevention, but they may not capture early target-organ damage or the heterogeneous  phenotype of Central Asian populations. Multimodal assessment is therefore relevant when estimated  clinical risk and the actual burden of vascular or myocardial injury do not coincide.