PHARMACOLOGICAL PROPERTIES AND EFFECTS OF MORPHINE ON THE HUMAN BODY

This scientific article systematically and comprehensively covers the chemical structure, pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties, and mechanisms of action of morphine — a member of the opioid analgesic group. Morphine modifies intracellular signaling via Gi/o proteins through µ-, κ-, and δ-opioid receptors, thereby inhibiting the transmission of nociceptive impulses in the central nervous system. The article also examines the drug's bioavailability, metabolic pathways, the clinical significance of M3G and M6G metabolites, adverse effects, mechanisms of dependence and tolerance, as well as its contemporary clinical applications.