PHARMACOLOGICAL PROPERTIES AND EFFECTS OF MORPHINE ON THE HUMAN BODY

This scientific article systematically and comprehensively covers the chemicalstructure, pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties, and mechanisms of action of morphine — amember of the opioid analgesic group. Morphine modifies intracellular signaling via Gi/o proteins throughμ-, κ-, and δ-opioid receptors, thereby inhibiting the transmission of nociceptive impulses in the centralnervous system. The article also examines the drug's bioavailability, metabolic pathways, the clinicalsignificance of M3G and M6G metabolites, adverse effects, mechanisms of dependence and tolerance, aswell as its contemporary clinical applications.