EXTERNAL OBSTETRIC EXAMINATION FOR ANTENATAL TRIAGE IN RESOURCE-CONSTRAINED SETTINGS: A CASE-BASED IMRAD REVIEW

External obstetric examination is a frontline triage method where imaging andspecialist access are limited. Objective: This article develops a case-based framework for usingabdominal palpation, fundal-height interpretation and fetal auscultation to identify referral needs.Methods: International recommendations and diagnostic literature were reviewed and translated intopractical triage categories. Results: Findings can be grouped into normal, uncertain and dangerpatterns. Discussion: The method is useful only when paired with referral pathways anddocumentation. Conclusion: External examination is not a substitute for ultrasound; it is a practicalfilter that can reduce delayed recognition of risk.