Main long-term negative results (surgical complications) after biliary tract surgery for cholelithiasis

Today, not “complicated” cholecystolithiasis (CCLT) is treated by laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LCHEC) in up to 95-98.7% of cases, choledocholithiasis (CDL) and stenosis of the papilla of Vater (SPV), mainly by endoscopic papillasphincteratomy (EPST), laparoscopic choledocholithotomy (LCDLT) up to 75 - 85%, and sometimes also by laparoscopic choledochoduodenoanastomosis (LCDA), etc. If these operations cannot be performed or they were inadequate, then surgeons are forced to use the open of variants of these operations.