ИСТОРИЯ ХОЗЯЙСТВЕННОГО ОСВОЕНИЯ КАСПИЙСКОЙ И СЕМИРЕЧЕНСКОЙ ОБЛАСТЕЙ И ЕГО ЭКОЛОГИЧЕСКИЕ ПОСЛЕДСТВИЯ (КОНЕЦ XIX – НАЧАЛО XX ВВ.)

This thesis  provides an extended analysis of economic development in the Caspian and the Seven River regions in the late XIX and nearly XX centuries and its environmental consequences. Particular attention is paid to administrative policies, economic expansion, and changes in resource use systems. The study shows that intensive exploitation of natural resources led to systemic environmental transformation and long-term ecological problems.