ISCHEMIC HEART DISEASE: CLASSIFICATION, DIAGNOSIS, AND TREATMENT STRATEGIES

Ischemic heart disease (IHD) remains one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide, posing a significant burden on healthcare systems and society. This review article examines the current classification, diagnostic approaches, and treatment strategies for ischemic heart disease. The study highlights the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying myocardial ischemia and discusses the major clinical forms of the disease, including stable angina, unstable angina, and myocardial infarction. Modern diagnostic methods such as electrocardiography, cardiac biomarkers, echocardiography, stress testing, coronary angiography, and advanced imaging techniques are reviewed. Furthermore, contemporary treatment strategies, including lifestyle modification, pharmacological therapy, percutaneous coronary intervention, and coronary artery bypass grafting, are analyzed. Early diagnosis and evidence-based management are essential for improving patient outcomes and reducing cardiovascular mortality. The article emphasizes the importance of a multidisciplinary approach in the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of ischemic heart disease.