LEOPOLD MANEUVERS AND FETAL AUSCULTATION AS LOW-COST OBSTETRIC ASSESSMENT TOOLS: DIAGNOSTIC VALUE, LIMITS AND CLINICAL INTEGRATION

External obstetric examination remains essential where ultrasound andcontinuous monitoring are limited or used selectively. Objective: This article evaluates Leopoldmaneuvers and fetal auscultation as practical tools for assessing fetal lie, presentation, engagementand heart rate. Methods: A narrative review of guideline recommendations and comparativeevidence was performed. Results: Leopold maneuvers are low-cost and noninvasive but operatordependent;fetal auscultation is recommended for low-risk labor in several guidelines, whilecontinuous electronic monitoring should be used according to risk. Discussion: These methodsshould not compete with ultrasound or cardiotocography; they should guide when technology isneeded. Conclusion: Properly taught external examination improves clinical reasoning, triage andrespectful maternity care.